Published ME-ICC Studies
List May Not Include All ICC Studies
Updated 02 January 2022
Updated 02 January 2022
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2021
Characterization of IL-2 Stimulation and TRPM7 Pharmacomodulation in NK Cell Cytotoxicity and Channel Co-Localization with PIP2 in ME/CFS Patients
Du Preez, Eaton-Fitch, Cabanas, Staines & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia & France) - ICC
"Importantly, these current data, along with previous studies reporting TRP dysfunction and altered expression patterns in the NK cells of ME/CFS patients provide evidence for potential channelopathy as the pathomechanism for ME/CFS. Prospective Ca2+ influx assays, isotyping, and patch-clamp electrophysiology provide additional avenues for further characterizing TRPM7 in the pathomechanism of this illness for possible targeted pharmacotherapeutic interventions for the treatment of ME/CFS." - 12 November 2021
Du Preez, Eaton-Fitch, Cabanas, Staines & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia & France) - ICC
"Importantly, these current data, along with previous studies reporting TRP dysfunction and altered expression patterns in the NK cells of ME/CFS patients provide evidence for potential channelopathy as the pathomechanism for ME/CFS. Prospective Ca2+ influx assays, isotyping, and patch-clamp electrophysiology provide additional avenues for further characterizing TRPM7 in the pathomechanism of this illness for possible targeted pharmacotherapeutic interventions for the treatment of ME/CFS." - 12 November 2021
Limbic Perfusion Is Reduced in Patients with ME/CFS
Xia Li, Per Julin & Tie-Qiang Li (Sweden & China) - ICC
"The differences in the rCBF [regional cerebral blood flow] between the ME/CSF patients and healthy controls were statistically assessed with voxel-wise and AAL ROI-based two-sample t-tests. Linear regression analysis was also performed on the rCBF data by using the symptom severity score as the main regressor. In comparison with the healthy controls, the patient group showed significant hypoperfusion (uncorrected voxel wise p ≤ 0.001, FWE p ≤ 0.01) in several brain regions of the limbic system, including the anterior cingulate cortex, putamen, pallidum, and anterior ventral insular area. For the ME/CFS patients, the overall symptom severity score at rest was significantly associated with a reduced rCBF in the anterior cingulate cortex. The results of this study show that brain blood flow abnormalities in the limbic system may contribute to ME/CFS pathogenesis." - 01 November 2021
Xia Li, Per Julin & Tie-Qiang Li (Sweden & China) - ICC
"The differences in the rCBF [regional cerebral blood flow] between the ME/CSF patients and healthy controls were statistically assessed with voxel-wise and AAL ROI-based two-sample t-tests. Linear regression analysis was also performed on the rCBF data by using the symptom severity score as the main regressor. In comparison with the healthy controls, the patient group showed significant hypoperfusion (uncorrected voxel wise p ≤ 0.001, FWE p ≤ 0.01) in several brain regions of the limbic system, including the anterior cingulate cortex, putamen, pallidum, and anterior ventral insular area. For the ME/CFS patients, the overall symptom severity score at rest was significantly associated with a reduced rCBF in the anterior cingulate cortex. The results of this study show that brain blood flow abnormalities in the limbic system may contribute to ME/CFS pathogenesis." - 01 November 2021
Cerebral blood flow remains reduced after tilt testing in ME/CFS patients
van Campen, Rowe & Visser (The Netherlands & U.S.) - ICC
"The finding that orthostatic stress elicits a post-stress cerebral blood flow reduction and that disease severity greatly influences the cerebral blood flow reduction may have implications on the advice of energy management after a stressor and on the advice of lying down after a stressor in these ME/CFS patients."
"The diagnosis of ME/CFS was established according to both the ME and CFS criteria (Carruthers et al., 2011, Fukuda et al., 1994), taking exclusion criteria for ME/CFS and any other illness that could explain symptoms into account.." - October 2021
van Campen, Rowe & Visser (The Netherlands & U.S.) - ICC
"The finding that orthostatic stress elicits a post-stress cerebral blood flow reduction and that disease severity greatly influences the cerebral blood flow reduction may have implications on the advice of energy management after a stressor and on the advice of lying down after a stressor in these ME/CFS patients."
"The diagnosis of ME/CFS was established according to both the ME and CFS criteria (Carruthers et al., 2011, Fukuda et al., 1994), taking exclusion criteria for ME/CFS and any other illness that could explain symptoms into account.." - October 2021
Potential Implications of Mammalian Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 in the Pathophysiology of ME/CFS: A Review
Du Preez, Cabanas, Staines, & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia & France) - ICC - While this paper uses the ME/CFS label, the patient group referenced is ME-ICC. ~ MEI
"In this review, we present TRPM7 as a potential candidate in the pathomechanism of ME/CFS, as TRPM7 is increasingly recognized as a key mediator of physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms affecting neurological, immunological, cardiovascular, and metabolic processes. A focused examination of the biochemistry of TRPM7, the role of this protein in the aforementioned systems, and the potential of TRPM7 as a molecular mechanism in the pathophysiology of ME/CFS will be discussed in this review. TRPM7 is a compelling candidate to examine in the pathobiology of ME/CFS as TRPM7 fulfils several key roles in multiple organ systems, and there is a paucity of literature reporting on its role in ME/CFS." - 12 October 21
Du Preez, Cabanas, Staines, & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia & France) - ICC - While this paper uses the ME/CFS label, the patient group referenced is ME-ICC. ~ MEI
"In this review, we present TRPM7 as a potential candidate in the pathomechanism of ME/CFS, as TRPM7 is increasingly recognized as a key mediator of physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms affecting neurological, immunological, cardiovascular, and metabolic processes. A focused examination of the biochemistry of TRPM7, the role of this protein in the aforementioned systems, and the potential of TRPM7 as a molecular mechanism in the pathophysiology of ME/CFS will be discussed in this review. TRPM7 is a compelling candidate to examine in the pathobiology of ME/CFS as TRPM7 fulfils several key roles in multiple organ systems, and there is a paucity of literature reporting on its role in ME/CFS." - 12 October 21
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Reveals Neuronal Microstructural Changes in ME/CFS
Thapaliya, Marshall-Gradisnik, Staines & Barnden
(Australia) - ICC - "In this study, we evaluated [Diffusion Tensor Imaging] DTI parameters to investigate microstructural abnormalities in ME/CFS patients. We estimated DTI parameter in 25 ME/CFS patients who met Fukuda criteria (ME/CFS-Fukuda), 18 ME/CFS patients who met International Consensus Criteria (ICC) (ME/CFS-ICC) only and 26 healthy control (HC) subjects. ... Our study demonstrated that DTI parameters are sensitive to microstructural changes in ME/CFS-ICC and could potentially act as an imaging biomarker of abnormal pathophysiology in ME/CFS. The study also shows that strict case definitions are essential in investigation of the pathophysiology of ME/CFS ... The group analysis using a voxel-based method detected differences in diffusion metrics in ascending and descending tracts in the medulla, pons and midbrain of the brainstem in ME/CFS patients, but only for those meeting ICC criteria. This demonstrated the importance of strict case definitions for ME/CFS." - 06 August 21
Note: While the ME/CFS label is used, this is applicable to ME. Bold highlight was added by MEI.
Thapaliya, Marshall-Gradisnik, Staines & Barnden
(Australia) - ICC - "In this study, we evaluated [Diffusion Tensor Imaging] DTI parameters to investigate microstructural abnormalities in ME/CFS patients. We estimated DTI parameter in 25 ME/CFS patients who met Fukuda criteria (ME/CFS-Fukuda), 18 ME/CFS patients who met International Consensus Criteria (ICC) (ME/CFS-ICC) only and 26 healthy control (HC) subjects. ... Our study demonstrated that DTI parameters are sensitive to microstructural changes in ME/CFS-ICC and could potentially act as an imaging biomarker of abnormal pathophysiology in ME/CFS. The study also shows that strict case definitions are essential in investigation of the pathophysiology of ME/CFS ... The group analysis using a voxel-based method detected differences in diffusion metrics in ascending and descending tracts in the medulla, pons and midbrain of the brainstem in ME/CFS patients, but only for those meeting ICC criteria. This demonstrated the importance of strict case definitions for ME/CFS." - 06 August 21
Note: While the ME/CFS label is used, this is applicable to ME. Bold highlight was added by MEI.
Evaluating Routine Blood Tests According to Clinical Symptoms and Diagnostic Criteria in Individuals with ME/CFS
Baklund, Dammen, Moum, Kristiansen, Duarte, Castro-Marrero, Helland & Strand
(Norway, Spain) - ICC & CCC - "Case criteria applied: The CCC were used as inclusion criteria when the patients initially were diagnosed by the clinicians. In the current study DSQ was applied for diagnostic classification based on different diagnostic criteria and this revealed that all the 149 patients fulfilled the Fukuda case definition, and 93.3% (n = 139) fulfilled the CCC, and 63.1% (n = 94) patients fulfilled the ICC criteria. ... Results of several routine blood tests of ME/CFS patients differed from those healthy controls. Our findings particularly highlight that decreased creatinine and CK levels may indicate greater muscle damage and metabolic disturbances in ME/CFS patients and is worthy of future studies. This is also true of results that may indicate a possible low-grade inflammation in ME/CFS patients." - 14 July 21
Baklund, Dammen, Moum, Kristiansen, Duarte, Castro-Marrero, Helland & Strand
(Norway, Spain) - ICC & CCC - "Case criteria applied: The CCC were used as inclusion criteria when the patients initially were diagnosed by the clinicians. In the current study DSQ was applied for diagnostic classification based on different diagnostic criteria and this revealed that all the 149 patients fulfilled the Fukuda case definition, and 93.3% (n = 139) fulfilled the CCC, and 63.1% (n = 94) patients fulfilled the ICC criteria. ... Results of several routine blood tests of ME/CFS patients differed from those healthy controls. Our findings particularly highlight that decreased creatinine and CK levels may indicate greater muscle damage and metabolic disturbances in ME/CFS patients and is worthy of future studies. This is also true of results that may indicate a possible low-grade inflammation in ME/CFS patients." - 14 July 21
Elements of Suffering in ME/CFS: The Experience of Loss, Grief, Stigma, and Trauma in the Severely and Very Severely Affected
Fennell, Dorr & George
(USA) - ICC - "This review article examines the suffering of patients with ME/CFS through the lens of the Fennell Four-Phase Model of chronic illness. Using a systems approach, this phase framework illustrates the effects of suffering on the patient and can be utilized to help the clinician, patient, family, and caregivers understand and respond to the patient’s experiences. We highlight the constructs of severity, uncertainty, ambiguity, and chronicity and their role in the suffering endured by patients with ME/CFS." - 09 May 21
Even though this report uses ME/CFS, it applies to ME. ~ MEI
Fennell, Dorr & George
(USA) - ICC - "This review article examines the suffering of patients with ME/CFS through the lens of the Fennell Four-Phase Model of chronic illness. Using a systems approach, this phase framework illustrates the effects of suffering on the patient and can be utilized to help the clinician, patient, family, and caregivers understand and respond to the patient’s experiences. We highlight the constructs of severity, uncertainty, ambiguity, and chronicity and their role in the suffering endured by patients with ME/CFS." - 09 May 21
Even though this report uses ME/CFS, it applies to ME. ~ MEI
Deconditioning does not explain orthostatic intolerance in ME/CFS
van Campen, Rowe & Visser
(Netherlands, USA) - ICC & Fukuda - This study shows that in ME/CFS patients orthostatic intolerance is not caused by deconditioning as defined on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. An abnormal high decline in cerebral blood flow during orthostatic stress was present in all ME/CFS patients regardless of their %peak VO2 results on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. - 04 May 21
van Campen, Rowe & Visser
(Netherlands, USA) - ICC & Fukuda - This study shows that in ME/CFS patients orthostatic intolerance is not caused by deconditioning as defined on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. An abnormal high decline in cerebral blood flow during orthostatic stress was present in all ME/CFS patients regardless of their %peak VO2 results on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. - 04 May 21
Skewing of the B cell receptor repertoire in ME/CFS
Sato, Ono, Matsutani, Nakamura, Shin, Amano, Suzuki & Yamamura
(Japan) - ICC, CCC & Fukuda - Conclusion: "... we revealed a biased usage of several IGHV genes in peripheral blood B cells from ME/CFS patients. Results of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis further indicated a possibility of distinguishing patients from healthy controls, based on the skewed B cell repertoire." - 27 March 21
Sato, Ono, Matsutani, Nakamura, Shin, Amano, Suzuki & Yamamura
(Japan) - ICC, CCC & Fukuda - Conclusion: "... we revealed a biased usage of several IGHV genes in peripheral blood B cells from ME/CFS patients. Results of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis further indicated a possibility of distinguishing patients from healthy controls, based on the skewed B cell repertoire." - 27 March 21
Open-label study with the monoamine stabilizer (-)-OSU6162 in ME/CFS
Haghighi, Forsmark, Zachrisson, Carlsson, Nilsson, Carlsson, Schuit & Gottfries
(Sweden, The Netherlands) - ICC & Fukuda - Conclusion: "(‐)‐OSU6162 is well tolerated in ME/CFS patients and shows promise as a novel treatment to mitigate fatigue and improve mood and health‐related quality of life in ME/CFS. Obviously, the present results need to be confirmed in future placebo‐controlled double‐blind trials." - 02 February 21
Haghighi, Forsmark, Zachrisson, Carlsson, Nilsson, Carlsson, Schuit & Gottfries
(Sweden, The Netherlands) - ICC & Fukuda - Conclusion: "(‐)‐OSU6162 is well tolerated in ME/CFS patients and shows promise as a novel treatment to mitigate fatigue and improve mood and health‐related quality of life in ME/CFS. Obviously, the present results need to be confirmed in future placebo‐controlled double‐blind trials." - 02 February 21
2020
Deep phenotyping of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome in Japanese population
Kitami, Fukuda, Kato, Yamaguti, Nakatomi, Yamano, Kataoka, Mizuno, Tsuboi, Kogo, Suzuki, Itoh, Morioka, Kawaji, Koseki, Kikuchi, Hayashizaki, Ohno, Kuratsune & Watanabe (Japan) - ICC & Fukuda - Conclusion: "Our study points to a cluster of sleep-related molecular changes as a prominent feature of ME/CFS in our Japanese cohort." - 16 November 20
The Economic Impacts of ME/CFS in an Australian Cohort
Close, Marshall-Gradisnik, Byrnes, Smith, Nghiem & Staines (Australia) - Conclusion: The economic impacts of ME/CFS in Australia are significant. Improved understanding of the illness pathology, diagnosis, and management, may reduce costs, improve patient prognosis and decrease the burden of ME/CFS in Australia. - 21 August 20
Close, Marshall-Gradisnik, Byrnes, Smith, Nghiem & Staines (Australia) - Conclusion: The economic impacts of ME/CFS in Australia are significant. Improved understanding of the illness pathology, diagnosis, and management, may reduce costs, improve patient prognosis and decrease the burden of ME/CFS in Australia. - 21 August 20
Validation of the Severity of ME/CFS by Other Measures than History: Activity Bracelet, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and a Validated Activity Questionnaire: SF-36
van Campen, Rowe & Visser (Netherlands, USA) - This study confirms the validity of the ICC severity grading. - 14 August 20
van Campen, Rowe & Visser (Netherlands, USA) - This study confirms the validity of the ICC severity grading. - 14 August 20
Review of case definitions for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)
Lim & Son (Republic of Korea) - "...ME/CFS has been named differently (e.g., postviral fatigue syndrome, neurasthenia) depending on the perspectives of the researchers; likewise, diagnostic criteria or case definitions have also been changed accordingly." Conclusions: "In this review, we found three key factors that have affected ME/CFS case definitions: etiology, pathophysiology, and exclusionary disorders. These factors have impacted the specification of the main symptoms, required conditions, and range of inclusive and exclusive symptoms/disorders in the development of case definitions." - 29 July 20
Lim & Son (Republic of Korea) - "...ME/CFS has been named differently (e.g., postviral fatigue syndrome, neurasthenia) depending on the perspectives of the researchers; likewise, diagnostic criteria or case definitions have also been changed accordingly." Conclusions: "In this review, we found three key factors that have affected ME/CFS case definitions: etiology, pathophysiology, and exclusionary disorders. These factors have impacted the specification of the main symptoms, required conditions, and range of inclusive and exclusive symptoms/disorders in the development of case definitions." - 29 July 20
Altered Structural Brain Networks Related to Adrenergic/Muscarinic Receptor Autoantibodies in CFS
Fujii, Sato, Kimura, Matsuda, Ota, Maikusa, Suzuki, Amano, Shin, Yamamura, Mori and Sato (Japan) - Conclusion: "Our findings suggest that β1 AdR‐Ab and β2 AdR‐Ab are potential markers of ME/CFS." - 01 July 20
Fujii, Sato, Kimura, Matsuda, Ota, Maikusa, Suzuki, Amano, Shin, Yamamura, Mori and Sato (Japan) - Conclusion: "Our findings suggest that β1 AdR‐Ab and β2 AdR‐Ab are potential markers of ME/CFS." - 01 July 20
Cognitive Function Declines Following Orthostatic Stress in Adults With ME/CFS
van Campen, Rowe, Verheught and Visser (Netherlands, USA) - Conclusion: "As measured by the N-back test, working memory remains impaired in adults with ME/CFS following a 30-min head-up tilt test." - 26 June 20
van Campen, Rowe, Verheught and Visser (Netherlands, USA) - Conclusion: "As measured by the N-back test, working memory remains impaired in adults with ME/CFS following a 30-min head-up tilt test." - 26 June 20
Epidemiological and Clinical Factors Associated With Post-Exertional Malaise Severity in Patients With ME/CFS
Ghali, Richa, Lacout, Gury, Beucher, Homedan, Lavigne & Urbanski (France) - Conclusion: "We identified some epidemiological and clinical features, which were positively associated with PEM severity in subsets of ME/CFS patients. This could help improving disease management and patients' quality of life." - 22 June 20
Ghali, Richa, Lacout, Gury, Beucher, Homedan, Lavigne & Urbanski (France) - Conclusion: "We identified some epidemiological and clinical features, which were positively associated with PEM severity in subsets of ME/CFS patients. This could help improving disease management and patients' quality of life." - 22 June 20
Cerebral Blood Flow Is Reduced in Severe ME/CFS Patients During Mild Orthostatic Stress Testing: An Exploratory Study at 20 Degrees of Head-Up Tilt Testing
van Campen, Rowe & Visser (Netherlands, USA) - Conclusions: "Using a less demanding 20 degree tilt test for 15 min in severe ME/CFS patients resulted in a mean CBF decline of 27%. This is comparable to the mean 26% decline previously noted in less severely affected patients studied during a 30-min 70 degree head-up tilt. These observations have implications for the evaluation and treatment of severely affected individuals with ME/CFS." - 13 June 20
van Campen, Rowe & Visser (Netherlands, USA) - Conclusions: "Using a less demanding 20 degree tilt test for 15 min in severe ME/CFS patients resulted in a mean CBF decline of 27%. This is comparable to the mean 26% decline previously noted in less severely affected patients studied during a 30-min 70 degree head-up tilt. These observations have implications for the evaluation and treatment of severely affected individuals with ME/CFS." - 13 June 20
A Unifying Hypothesis of the Pathophysiology of ME/CFS: Recognitions from the finding of autoantibodies against ß2-adrenergic receptors
Wirth & Scheibenbogen (Germany) - This is a compilation of many studies. While studies in this report may have used various criteria, the only criteria cited is the ICC. - 01 April 20
2019
Elevated blood lactate in resting conditions correlate with post-exertional malaise severity in patients with ME/CFS
Ghali, Lacout, Ghali, Gury, Beucher, Lozac’h, Lavigne & Urbanski (France) -
11 December 19
Reduced glycolytic reserve in isolated natural killer cells from ME/CFS patients: A preliminary investigation
Nguyen, Staines, Johnston & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) - June 2019
Diagnostic sensitivity of 2-day cardiopulmonary exercise testing in ME/CFS
Nelson, Buckley, Thomson, Clark, Kwiatek & Davison (Australia) - 14 March 19
Nguyen, Staines, Johnston & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) - June 2019
Diagnostic sensitivity of 2-day cardiopulmonary exercise testing in ME/CFS
Nelson, Buckley, Thomson, Clark, Kwiatek & Davison (Australia) - 14 March 19
2018
Blood Volume Status in ME/CFS Correlates With the Presence or Absence of Orthostatic Symptoms: Preliminary Results
M.C. van Campen, Rowe & Visser (Netherlands, USA) - 15 November 18
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – Evidence for an autoimmune disease
F.Sotzny, J.Blanco, E.Capelli, J.Castro-Marrero, S.Steiner, M.Murovska & C.Scheibenbogen on behalf of EUROMENE (Germany, Spain, Italy & Latvia) - June 2018
Decreased Expression of TRPM3 and mAChRM3 in the Small Intestine in CFS/ME
S. Marshall-Gradisnik, M. Fretel, N. Eaton, H. Cabanas, C. Balinas, V. Gopalan, D. Petersen, R. Passmore, K. Tang, M. Haque, A. Lam, & D. Staines (Australia) - May 2018
S. Marshall-Gradisnik, M. Fretel, N. Eaton, H. Cabanas, C. Balinas, V. Gopalan, D. Petersen, R. Passmore, K. Tang, M. Haque, A. Lam, & D. Staines (Australia) - May 2018
Transient Receptor Potential Ion Channels in the Etiology and Pathomechanism of CFS/ME
Staines, Du Preez, Cabanas, Balinas, Eaton, Passmore, Maksoud, Redmayne & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) - 22 May 2018
Staines, Du Preez, Cabanas, Balinas, Eaton, Passmore, Maksoud, Redmayne & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) - 22 May 2018
The etiologic relation between disequilibrium and orthostatic intolerance in patients with ME (CFS)
Miwa & Inoue (Japan) - 26 March 18
Miwa & Inoue (Japan) - 26 March 18
2017
Novel characterisation of mast cell phenotypes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in CFS/ME patients
Nguyen, Johnston, Chacko, Gibson, Cepon, Smith, Staines & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) - Conclusions: "This preliminary study investigates mast cell phenotypes from PBMCs in healthy controls. We report significant increase of naïve MCs in moderate and severe CFS/ME patients compared with healthy controls. Moreover, a significant increase in CD40 ligand and MHC-II receptors on differentiated mast cells in severe CFS/ME patients. Peripheral MCs may be present in CFS/ME pathology however, further investigation to determine their role is required."
2016
Autonomic correlations with MRI are abnormal in the brainstem vasomotor centre in CFS
Barndena, Kwiatekc, Croucha, Burnet & Del Fante (Australia)
A Preliminary Comparative Assessment of the Role of CD8+ T Cells in CFS/ME and MS
Brenu, Broadley, Nguyen, Johnston, Ramos, Staines & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) - 04 January 16
Epidemiological characteristics of CFS/ME in Australian patients
Johnston, Staines & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) - 17 May 16
Dysregulation of Protein Kinase Gene Expression in NK Cells from CFS/ME Patients
Chacko, Staines, Johnston & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) - 28 August 16
2015
Pilot Study of Natural Killer Cells in CFS/ME and Multiple Sclerosis
Huth, Brenu, Ramos, Nguyen, Broadley, Staines & Marshall‐Gradisnik (Australia) - 18 September 15
A Comparison of Cytokine Profiles of CFS/ME and Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Wong, Nguyen, Brenu, Broadley, Staines & Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) - 29 October 15
Antibodies to β adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in patients with CFS
Loebel, Grabowski, Heidecke, Bauer, Hanitsch, Wittke, Meisel, Reinke, Volk, Fluge, Mella & Scheibenbogen (Germany, Norway) Results: "We found significantly higher autoantibody levels against M3 and M4 AChR and β2 AdR in CFS patients compared to controls. Crossreactivity between all 5 M and β1 and β2 AdR but also between M and β receptor was seen in a substantial portion of CFS patients as shown for M4 in Fig. 1C. The highest correlation was found between M3 and M4 receptor antibodies (r = 0.87), the lowest for M1 and M4 receptor antibodies (r = 0.59)." - 19 September 15
2014
Neuroinflammation in Patients with CFS/ME: An ¹¹C-(R)-PK11195 PET Study
Nakatomi, Mizuno, Wada, Tanaka, Tazawa, Onoe, Fukuda, Kawabe, Takahashi, Kataoka, Shiomi, Yamaguti, Inaba, Kuratsune & Watanabe (Japan) - 24 March 14
2013
Immune Abnormalities in Patients Meeting New Diagnostic Criteria for CFS/ME
Brenu, Johnston, Hardcastle, Huth, Fuller, Ramos, Staines and Marshall-Gradisnik (Australia) - 14 November 13
